Author Archives: Lisa Minogue

Mode of Action Classification for Herbicides – High Resistance Risk

(June 10th, 2015)

High Resistance Risk

CHEMICAL FAMILY ACTIVE CONSTITUENT (FIRST REGISTERED TRADE NAME)

GROUP A
Inhibitors of acetyl coA carboxylase (inhibitors of fat synthesis/ACC’ase inhibitors)

Aryloxyphenoxypropionates:

(Fops):

 clodinafop (Topik®), cyhalopfop (Barnstorm®), diclofop (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*, Hoegrass®), fenoxaprop (Cheetah® Gold*, Wildcat®), fluazifop (Fusilade®, Fusion®*), haloxyfop (Verdict®), propaquizafop (Shogun®), quizalofop (Targa®)

Cyclohexanediones:

(Dims):

 butroxydim (Falcon®, Fusion®*), clethodim (Select®), profoxydim (Aura®), sethoxydim (Cheetah® Gold*, Decision®*), tepraloxydim (Aramo®), tralkoxydim (Achieve®)

Phenylpyrazoles:

(Dens):

 pinoxaden (Axial®)

GROUP B
inhibitors of acetolactate synthase (als inhibitors)

Sulfonylureas:

(SUs):

  azimsulfuron (Gulliver®), bensulfuron (Londax®), chlorsulfuran (Glean®), ethoxysulfuron (Hero®), foramsulfuron (Tribute®), halosulfuron (Sempra®), iodosulfuron (Hussar®), mesosulfuron (Atlantis®), metsulfuron (Ally®, Harmony®*M, Stinger®*, Trounce®*, Ultimate Brushweed®* Herbicide), produlfuron (Casper®*), rimsulfuron (Titus®), sulfometuron (Oust®), sulfosulfuron (Monza®), thifensulfuron (Harmony®*M), triasulfuron (Logran®, Logran®B-Power®*), tribenuron (Express®), trifloxysulfuron (Envoke®, Krismat®*)

Imidazolinones:

(Imis):

  imazamox (Intervix®*, Raptor®), imazapic (Bobcat I-Maxx®*, Flame®, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazapyr (ArsenalXpress®*, Intervix®*, Lightning®*, Midas®*, OnDuty®*), imazathapyr (Lightning®*, Spinnaker®)

Triazolopyrimidines:

(Sulfonamides):

  florasulam (Conclude®*, Torpedo®*, X-Pand®*), flumetsulam (Broadstrike®), metosulam (Eclipse®), pyroxsulam (Crusader®)
 Pyrimidinylthiobenzoates: bispyrbac (Nominee®), pyrithiobac (Staple®)

* This product contains more than one active constituent.

List of approved active constituents in each “Group” and, for ease of identification, the trade name of the first registered product or successor. Refer to the APVMA website (www.apvma.gov.au) to obtain a complete list of registered products from the PUBCRIS database.
This document is a guide only and does not endorse particular products, groups of products or cultural methods in terms of their performance. Always follow the product label for specific use instructions.
Whilst all effort has been taken with the information supplied in this document no responsibility, actual or implied, is taken for the day to day accuracy of product or active constituent specific information. Readers should check with the Australian regulator’s (APVMA) product database for contemporary information on products and actives. The database can be sourced through www.apvma.gov.au. The information given in this document is provided in good faith and without any liability for loss or damage suffered as a result of its application and use. Advice given in this strategy is valid as of 12 June 2014. All previous versions of this strategy are now invalid.

CropLife Australia Limited, Locked Bag 916, Canberra ACT 2601
E [email protected]
W www.croplifeaustralia.org.au

Mode of Action Classification for Herbicides – Moderate Resistance Risk

(June 10th, 2015)

Moderate Resistance Risk

CHEMICAL FAMILY ACTIVE CONSTITUENT (FIRST REGISTERED TRADE NAME)

GROUP C
Inhibitors of photsynthesis at photosystem II (PS II inhibitors)
 Triazines: ametryn (Amigan®*, Gesapax®Combi*, Krismat®, Primatol Z®), atrazine (Gesapx®Combi*, Gesaprim®, Primextra®Gold*), cyanazine (Bladex®), prometryn (Brandit®*, Cotogard®*, Gesagard®), propazine (Agaprop®), simazine (Gesatop®), terbuthylazine (Terbyne®), terbutryn (Agrtyne®MA*, Amigan®*, Igran®)
 Triazinones: hexazinone (Bobcat I-Maxx®*, Velpar®K4*, Velpar®L), metribusin (Aptitude®*, Sencor®)
 Uracils: bromacil (Hyvar®, Krovar®*), terbacil (Sinbar®)
 Pyridazinones: chloridazon (Pyramin®)
 Phenylcarbamates: phenmedipham (Betanal®)
 Ureas: diuron (Karmex®, Krovar®*, Velpar®K4*), fluometuron (Brandit®*, Cotogard®*, Cotoran®), linuron (Afalon®), methabenzthiazuron (Tribunil®), tebuthiuron (Graslan®)
 Amides: propanil (Stam®)
Nitriles: bromoxynil (Barrel®*, Buctril®, Buctril®MA, Flight®*, Jaguar®*, Triathlon®*, Velocity®*), ioxynil (Actril DS*, Totril®)
Benzothiadiazinones: bentazone (Basagran®, Basagran®M60*, Multiweed®*)

GROUP D
Inhibitors of microtubule assembly

Dinitroanilines:

(DNAs):

 oryzalin (Rout®*, Surflan®), pendimethalin (Stomp®), prodiamine (Barricade®), trifluralin (Treflan®)
Benzoic acids: chlorthal (Dacthal®, Prothal®*)
Benxamides: propyzamide (Kerb®)
Pyridines: dithiopyr (Dimension®)

GROUP E
Inhibitors of mitosis/microtubule organisation
Carbamates: carbetanide (Carbetamex®), chlorpropham (Chlorpropham®)

GROUP F
Bleachers: Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis at the phytoene desaturase step (PDS inhibitors)
Pyridazinones: norflurazon (Solicam®)
Pyridinecarboxamide: diflufenican (Brodal®, Chipco Spearhead®*, Jaguar®*, Tigrex®*, Triathlon®*, Yates Pathweeder®*), picolinafen (Flight®*, Paragon®*, Sniper®)

GROUP G
Inhibitors of protoporphyringogen oxidase (PPOs)
Diphenylethers: acifluorfen (Blazer®), oxyfluorfen (Goal®, Rout®*, Yates Pathweeder®*)
N-phenylphthalimides: flumioxazin (Valor®)
Oxadiazoles: oxadiargyl® (Raft), oxadiazon (Ronstar®)
Triazolinones: carfentrazone (Affinity®, Aptitude®*, Broadway®*)
Pyrimidindiones: butafenacil (Logran®B-Power®*, Resolva®*), saflufenacil (Sharpen®)
Phenylpyrazole: pyraflufen (Ecopar®, Pyresta®*)

GROUP H
Bleachers: Inhibitors of 4-hydroxyphenyl-pyruvate dioxygenase (HPPDs)
 Pyrazoles: benzofenap (Taipan®), pyrasulfotole (Precept®*, Velocity®*)
 Isoxazoles: isoxaflutole (Balance®)

GROUP I
Disruptors of plant cell growth (Synthetic Auxins)
 Phenocycarboxylic acids: 2,4-D (Actril DS®*, Amicide®, Fallow Boss Tordon®*, Mathar Tri-Kombi®*, Pyresta®*), 2,4-D (Trifolamine®), dichlorprop (Lantana 600®), MCPA (Agtryne®MA*, Banvel M®*, Barrel®*, Basagran®M60*, Buctril®MA*, Chipco Spearhead®*, Conclude®*, Flight®*, MCPA, Midas®*, Multiweed®*, Paragon®*, Precept®*, Tigrex®*, Tordon 242®*, Triathlon®*), MCPB (Legumine®), mecoprop (Mecoban®, Mecopropamine®, Methar Tri-Kombi®*, Multiweed®*)
 Benzoic acids: dicamba (Banvel®, Banvel M®*, Barrel®*, Caper®*, Mecoban®, Methar Tri-Kombi®*)
 Pyridine carboxylic acids (Pyridines): aminopyralid (Fallow Boss Tordon®*, Grazon Extra®*, Hotshot®*, Stinger®*), clopyralid (Chipco Spearhead®*, Lontrel®, Torpedo®*), fluroxypyr (Hotshot®*, Starane®), picloram (Fallow Boss Tordon®*, Grazon Extra®*, Tordon®, Tordon 242®*, Trinoc®*),triclopyr (Garlon®, Grazon Extra®*, Tough Roundup® Weedkiller*, Ultimate Brushweed®* Herbicide)
 Quinoline carboxylic acids: quinclorac (Drive®)

GROUP J
Inhibitors of fat synthesis (Not ACCase inhibitors)
Chlorocarbonic acids: 2,2-DPA (Dalapon®), flupropanate (Frenock®)
Thiocarbamates: EPTC (Eptam®), molinate (Ordram®), pebulate (Tillam®), prosulfocarb (Boxer® Gold*), thiobencarb (Saturn®), triallate (Avadex®), vernolate (Vernam®)
Phosphorodithioates: bensulide (Prefar®)
Benzofurans: ethofumesate (Tramat®)

GROUP K
Inhibitors of cell division / Inhibitors of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFA inhibitors)
Acetamides: napropamide (Devrinol®)
Chloroacetamides: dimethenamid (Frontier® -P, Outlook®), metolachor (Boxer® Gold*, Dual® Gold, Primextra® Gold*), propachlor (Prthal®*, Ramrod®)
Isoxazoline: Pyroxasulfone (Sakura®)

GROUP L
Inhibitors of photosynthesis at photosystem I (PSI inhibitors)
Bipyridyls: diquat (Reglone®, Spray Seed®*), paraquat (Alliance®*, Gramoxone®, Spray Seed®*)

GROUP M
Inhibitors of EPSP synthase
Glycines: glyphosate (Arsenal Xpress®*, Broadway®*, Illico®*, Resolva®*, Roundup®, Tough Roundup® Weedkiller*, Trounce®*, Yates Pathweeder®*)

GROUP N
Inhibitors of glutamine synthetase
Phosphinic acids: glufosinate (Basta®, Liberty®)

GROUP O
Inhibitors of cell wall (cellulose) synthesis
Nitriles: dichlobenil (Casoron®)
Benzamides: isoxaben (Gallery®, X-Pand®*)

GROUP P
Inhibitors of auxin transports
Phthalamates: naptalam (Alanap-L®)

GROUP Q
Bleachers: Inhibitors of carotenoid biosynthesis unknown target
Triazoles: amitrole (Alliance®*, Amitrole®, Illico®*)
Isoxazolidinones: clomazone (Command®)

GROUP R
Inhibitors of dihydropteroate synthase (DHP inhibitors)
Carbamates: asulam (Asulox®)

GROUP Z
Herbicides with unknown and probably diverse sites of action
Arylaminopropionic acids: flamprop (Mataven L®)
 Dicarboxylic acids: endothal (Endothal®)
 Organoarsenicals: DSMA (disodium methylarsonate) (Methar®, Trinoc®*), MSMA (Daconate®)

* This product contains more than one active constituent.

List of approved active constituents in each “Group” and, for ease of identification, the trade name of the first registered product or successor. Refer to the APVMA website (www.apvma.gov.au) to obtain a complete list of registered products from the PUBCRIS database.

This document is a guide only and does not endorse particular products, groups of products or cultural methods in terms of their performance. Always follow the product label for specific use instructions.

Whilst all effort has been taken with the information supplied in this document no responsibility, actual or implied, is taken for the day to day accuracy of product or active constituent specific information. Readers should check with the Australian regulator’s (APVMA) product database for contemporary information on products and actives. The database can be sourced through www.apvma.gov.au. The information given in this document is provided in good faith and without any liability for loss or damage suffered as a result of its application and use. Advice given in this strategy is valid as of 12 June 2014. All previous versions of this strategy are now invalid.

CropLife Australia Limited, Locked Bag 916, Canberra ACT 2601
E [email protected]
W www.croplifeaustralia.org.au

Area and Yield Conversions

(June 9th, 2015)

AREA

2.471 Acres = 1 Hectare
Acres Hectares Acres Hectares
1 0.4 60 24
2 0.8 70 28
3 1.2 80 32
4 1.6 90 36
5 2.0 100 40
6 2.4 200 81
7 2.8 300 121
8 3.2 400 162
9 3.6 500 202
10 4.0 600 243
20 8.0 700 283
30 12 800 324
40 16 900 364
50 20 1000 405

YIELD

Tonnes per Hectare
Bags per Acre

Wheat, Lupins,

Rye, Peas,

Vetches

 Barley Oats

Canola,

Linseed
1 0.20 0.17 0.13 0.18
2 0.40 0.34 0.27 0.36
3 0.61 0.50 0.40 0.54
4 0.81 0.67 0.54 0.72
5 1.01 0.84 0.67 0.90
6 1.21 1.01 0.81 1.08
7 1.41 1.18 0.94 1.26
8 1.61 1.34 1.08 1.43
9 1.82 1.51 1.21 1.61
10 2.02 1.68 1.34 1.79
11 2.22 1.85 1.48 1.97
12 2.42 2.02 1.61 2.15
13 2.62 2.19 1.75 2.33
14 2.82 2.35 1.88 2.51
15 3.03 2.52 2.02 2.69
16 3.23 2.69 2.15 2.87
17 3.43 2.86 2.29 3.05
18 3.63 3.03 2.42 3.23
19 3.83 3.19 2.56 3.41
20 4.03 3.36 2.69 3.59

 

Useful Conversions

(June 9th, 2015)

METRIC TO IMPERIAL

Chemical Rates
350mL/ha 5 fl oz/ac
500mL/ha 7½ fl oz/ac
1 litre/ha ¾ pint/ac
1.4 litres/ha 1 pint/ac
2.1 litres/ha 1½ pints/ac
3.15 litres/ha 2¼ pints/ac
4.2 litres/ha 3 pints/ac

 

Volumes of Application
100 litres/ha 8.9 gpa
150 litres/ha 13.4 gpa
200 litres/ha 17.8 gpa

 

When mixing in the spray tank the following tables define the quantity of chemical to add to a spray tank of 1000 litres or 200 gallon capacity at various rates of application, assuming an application volume of 100 litres/ha or 10 gpa.

METRIC SPRAYING AT 100 L/HA

Rate of chemical/ha Quantity/1000 litre tank
350mL 3.5 litres
500mL 5.0 litres
1 litre 10 litres
1.5 lites 15 litres
2 litres 20 litres
3 litres 30 litres
4 litres 40 litres

IMPERIAL SPRAYING AT 10 GPA

Rate of chemical/ac Quantity/200 gallon tank
5 fl oz 5 pints
7½ fl oz 7½ pints
¾ pints 15 pints
1 pint 20 pints
1½ pints 30 pints
2 pints 40 pints
3 pints 60 pints

 

Conversion Formulae

(June 9th, 2015)

CONVERSIONS FORMULAE

To use the conversion formulae, multiply the imperial measurement by the factor beside the conversion you wish to make.
If you wish to convert Metric measure into Imperial measure, divide by the same factor.

LENGTH

To Convert Multiply By
milli-inches into micrometres 25.4  
inches into millimetres 25.4
inches into centimetres 2.54
inches into metres 0.0254
feet into millimetres 304.8
feet into centimetres 30.48
feet into metres 0.3048
yards into metres 0.9144
fathoms into metres 1.8288
chains into metres 20.1168
furlongs into metres 201.168
miles, statute into kilometres 1.609344
miles, nautical into kilometres 1.852

VOLUME

To Convert Multiply By
cubic inches into cubic centimetres 16.387064
cubic inches into litres 0.016387
cubic feet into cubic metres 0.0283168
cubic feet into litres 28.316847
cubic yards into cubic metres 0.7645549
teaspoons into milliliters 4.93
tablespoons into milliliters 14.78
UK pints into litres 0.5682613
UK quarts into litres 1.1365225
UK gallons into litres 4.54609
UK gallons into cubic metres 0.0045461
UK fluid ounces into cubic centimetres 28.413063
US pints into litres 0.47
US quarts into litres 0.95
US gallons into litres 3.79

AREA

To Convert Multiply By
square inches into square millimetres 645.16
square inches into square centimetres 6.4516
square feet into square centimetres 929.0304
square feet into square metres 0.092903
square yards into square metres 0.836127
square yards into acres (0.01 hectare) 0.0083613
square miles into square kilometres 2.589988
acres into square metres 4046.8564
acres into hectares 0.4046856

MASS

To Convert Multiply By
grains into milligrams 64.79891
grains into metric carats 0.323995
grains into grams 0.064799
pennyweights into grams 1.555174
ounces into grams 28.349523
ounces into kilograms 0.0283495
pounds into kilograms 0.4535924
stones into kilograms 6.3502932
hundredweights into kilograms 50.802345
tons into kilograms 1016.0469
tons into metric tonnes 1.01605
tahils into grams 37.799
kati into kilograms 0.60479